With the tightening of export policies by major suppliers in China, rare earth materials have become increasingly rare – in fact, China’s rare earth exports have been cut by a third. According to a report by Doudley Kingsnorth, executive director of the Australian Industrial Minerals Corporation, in a media report, prices are soaring as current rare earth production can only meet 40% of the market demand outside China.
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“Rare earth prices are rising,†said Mike Pugh, chief operating officer of Intematix, one of the world's leading suppliers of phosphors. “For example, the price of europium has tripled in three weeks in June this year. The above situation.†Currently, the United States, Canada and Australia are all developing strategies for rare earth deposits outside China, including new mines in Russia and Malaysia. However, these new mines are unlikely to effectively reduce the shortage of rare earth supply within three years. problem.
Because of the soaring prices and prices, manufacturers who need rare earths have to find ways to find alternatives to rare earths without considering moving their production sites to China.
Rare earth is an important component of the slurry required for various products that require mechanical polishing, such as glass and semiconductor wafers. Chip makers are trying to replace rare earths with other minerals such as silicates, but the ones that have the deepest supply of rare earths are the manufacturers that supply phosphors for fluorescent lamps and white LEDs.
For example, Intematix is ​​currently adopting a “two-pronged†strategy to deal with the shortage of soil. The company has moved some of its production to China while developing phosphor replacements in the United States. “By producing aluminate and garnet phosphors in China, we can buy rare earth materials locally;†Pugh said: “In the US, we produce nitride and silicate phosphors. Just use a very small amount of rare earth."
Intematix produces aluminate (green) and garnet (yellow) phosphors in China to avoid China's rare earth export ban; but rare earth oxides (red) and silicate (orange, orange) fluorescence The agent is still produced in the United States.
Nitride and silicate phosphors can replace rare earth aluminate and garnet phosphors in traditional fluorescent and white LED applications, and can avoid rare earth shortages, but at a high cost; for example, The price of nitride phosphors is more than three times that of conventional aluminate and garnet phosphors, except that the latter two are heavily doped with rare earth materials. "The price of nitride phosphors can be frightening," Pugh said. "But once you know how small the amount is, they are actually very affordable."
An optimistic aspect of the shortage of rare earth supply is expected to accelerate the promotion of solid-state lighting technology; because compared with fluorescent lamps, the amount of phosphor required for LEDs is much less, and it can be achieved by using green silicate phosphors. Red and yellow nitride phosphors are mixed into the blue LED to produce white light, so that only a small amount of rare earth is used. Among them, the nitride phosphor is particularly durable and can be placed close to the semiconductor interface of the blue LED, further reducing the material required to produce white light. 