Crankshaft position sensor works - Solutions - Huaqiang

How does the engine's electronic control system determine which cylinder to fire? It relies on signals from the crankshaft position sensor and the camshaft position sensor. The camshaft sensor identifies which piston is in the compression stroke, while the crankshaft sensor detects the position of each piston. Together, these two sensors provide the necessary data for accurate ignition timing.

The crankshaft position sensor plays a crucial role in determining the crankshaft's position and speed. It is typically mounted in the distributor and helps detect the top dead center (TDC) of the piston. There are three main types: photoelectric, Hall effect, and magnetic induction.

Photoelectric crankshaft sensors consist of a signal disc with light holes and a signal generator. The signal disc is mounted on the distributor shaft and rotates along with it. The outer ring of the disc generates a one-degree crank angle signal, while the inner six holes produce a 120-degree signal. The signal generator includes two LEDs and photodiodes, positioned opposite each other. As the signal disc rotates, the light holes allow light to pass through, creating alternating voltage signals that are then processed by the circuit and sent to the ECU. This allows the ECU to calculate both the engine speed and the crankshaft position.

Both the crankshaft position sensor and the Hall effect speed sensor use Hall effect technology. The Hall sensor is mounted in the distributor and aligned with the sub-fire head. A permanent magnet and a Hall chip are fixed to the distributor disc. The number of notches on the trigger wheel matches the number of engine cylinders. When a blade passes between the Hall element and the magnet, it blocks the magnetic field, resulting in zero voltage. When the gap aligns, the magnetic field reaches the Hall element, generating a voltage signal that is sent to the ECU.

The magnetic induction speed sensor and the crankshaft position sensor are placed on different layers of the distributor. These sensors consist of a rotor and a permanent magnet with an induction coil. As the distributor shaft turns, the rotor rotates as well. The rotor can have various designs, such as 24 teeth for the speed sensor. The induction coil is fixed to the distributor housing. By combining the signals from both the crankshaft and speed sensors, along with the engine's firing order, the ECU can accurately identify the position of each cylinder's crankshaft. Both sensors can be mounted on either the camshaft or the crankshaft, depending on the design.

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