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In recent years, the push for higher energy density in power batteries has become a key focus in the development of new energy vehicles. A major breakthrough is the potential to achieve a cell energy density of 300Wh/kg, which could serve as the "core" of future electric vehicles. This advancement is not only about increasing driving range but also about reducing costs and improving battery life, making electric vehicles more competitive with traditional fuel-powered cars.
Fisker, a prominent electric car manufacturer, recently filed a patent for a solid-state battery that promises an impressive range of up to 804 kilometers and a charging time of just one minute. This innovation highlights the rapid progress being made in battery technology, particularly in the field of solid-state batteries, which are seen as a game-changer for the industry.
In China, power batteries remain a central component in the development of electric vehicles, and they have long been a focal point of research. The national key special research and development plan for new energy vehicles launched in 2016 included projects aimed at developing high-energy-density, safe lithium-ion batteries. Li Wei, a researcher from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, leads a project focused on creating long-lasting, high-performance lithium batteries, including lithium-ion, semi-solid lithium-sulfur, and solid lithium-air batteries—each with the potential to become the core technology for China’s future new energy vehicles.
One of the main challenges in battery development is pushing the energy density beyond 400Wh/kg. According to Li Wei, achieving this would significantly enhance the driving range of electric vehicles. For example, using a 400Wh/kg battery could allow an electric vehicle like the Beiqi EV200 to travel over 620 kilometers on a single charge, while also lowering costs and extending battery life.
The research team is working on various battery systems, including lithium-rich materials as positive electrodes and silicon-carbon materials as negative electrodes. Some of these prototypes have already achieved energy densities exceeding 300Wh/kg. Additionally, lithium-metal-based batteries have shown even higher potential, reaching up to 780Wh/kg in some cases.
Despite the promising results, there are still significant technical challenges, especially when it comes to using lithium metal as a negative electrode. Researchers are exploring solid electrolytes or mixed solid-liquid electrolytes to address issues such as interface stability, volume expansion, and thermal management.
While the path forward is becoming clearer, the transition to all-solid-state metal lithium batteries remains complex. However, many of the existing manufacturing processes and equipment can be adapted for this purpose. Moreover, control technologies for large-scale production of lithium metal batteries, such as drying rooms, have already been developed.
As Li Wei emphasized, the key to overcoming these challenges lies in thoroughly understanding the underlying scientific issues and finding creative, practical solutions. With continued research and innovation, the future of high-energy-density batteries looks bright, and the dream of truly competitive electric vehicles is getting closer.