Drones are becoming increasingly intelligent, and a major part of this intelligence comes from their ability to "see" and understand the environment around them. This is achieved through advanced machine vision technologies that allow drones to perceive, interpret, and respond to their surroundings in real time.

There are several key technologies that enable this "vision," including binocular machine vision, infrared laser vision, and ultrasonic detection. Each has its own strengths and limitations, and they are often used in combination to enhance a drone’s perception capabilities.

Binocular Machine Vision

Binocular machine vision works on the principle of triangulation, similar to how human eyes perceive depth. It uses two cameras positioned side by side to capture images of the same scene. By comparing the differences in the angle of objects in these images, the system can calculate distances and reconstruct a 3D model of the environment.

This technology requires significant computational power, as it involves complex image processing algorithms like convolution and differential analysis. High-performance chips such as Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 801/820 are often used to handle the intensive calculations required for real-time object recognition and distance measurement.

Despite its accuracy, binocular vision can be affected by lighting conditions and may struggle with image segmentation, where the computer must distinguish an object from its background. This makes it less effective in low-light or complex environments.

Infrared Laser Vision

To reduce computational load and improve accuracy, some manufacturers use infrared laser vision systems. A notable example is Intel’s RealSense module, which projects an infrared laser spot onto objects and measures the distance based on the reflection. This method eliminates the need for complex object recognition algorithms, making it faster and more accurate in certain scenarios.

However, this technology comes with higher hardware costs due to the inclusion of an infrared laser emitter and MEMS scanning mirror. Despite this, it offers better performance in dark or indoor environments and provides more precise 3D data compared to binocular vision.

Ultrasonic Detection

Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in both military and civilian applications. They work by emitting sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. This allows the drone to detect obstacles and measure distance, especially useful for identifying transparent or reflective surfaces like glass or wires.

While ultrasonic detection is reliable and cost-effective, it lacks precision in terms of spatial information. It can only detect the presence of an obstacle, not provide detailed data for path planning or navigation.

Fixed-Point Hovering Technology

One of the most critical features of consumer drones is their ability to hover in place, which is essential for stable aerial photography. This is achieved through various technologies such as GPS/IMU combined positioning, ultrasonic height sensing, and optical flow localization.

GPS/IMU systems combine global positioning data with inertial measurements to maintain stability. However, GPS signals can be unreliable indoors or in signal-shielded areas, so IMU data is used as a backup. While this helps in emergencies, it can lead to drift over time.

Ultrasonic sensors help stabilize altitude by measuring the distance to the ground, but they do not assist with horizontal positioning. Optical flow localization, on the other hand, uses camera images to track movement relative to the ground, enabling stable indoor hovering. Although it can drift slightly over time, it is sufficient for most aerial photography needs.

Tracking Technology

Modern drones are increasingly equipped with tracking capabilities, allowing them to follow a specific target automatically. This is typically done using GPS tracking or image-based tracking.

GPS tracking is straightforward, requiring the user to carry a device that sends location data to the drone. Image tracking, however, involves analyzing visual features to identify and follow a subject. This often relies on deep learning algorithms, especially when dealing with dynamic scenes or changes in the target’s appearance.

Obstacle Avoidance Technology

Flight safety is a top priority in drone development, and obstacle avoidance is a crucial aspect of this. Three main technologies are used: ultrasonic detection, LiDAR-based systems, and Intel’s Realsense monocular + structured light detection.

Ultrasonic systems are simple and mature, but have limited range and accuracy. Binocular vision systems offer better range and detail but require more processing power and are sensitive to lighting. LiDAR-based systems provide high-resolution environmental mapping, while Realsense combines active stereo imaging with infrared sensors to achieve accurate depth perception up to 10 meters.

Wireless Image Transmission

Wireless image transmission is another core technology in drone aerial photography. It enables real-time video streaming from the drone to the operator, which is essential for monitoring and controlling the flight.

The quality and reliability of this transmission depend on factors like bandwidth, latency, and interference. Modern drones use advanced wireless protocols to ensure smooth and stable video feeds, even at long distances.

Stable Aerial Platform Technology

A stable platform is essential for high-quality aerial photography. The drone’s fuselage must remain steady despite external disturbances such as wind, motor vibrations, or sudden movements.

Techniques like three-axis gimbals, electronic image stabilization, and optical flow localization help reduce motion blur and jitter. Gimbals isolate the camera from the drone’s movements, while electronic stabilization adjusts the image in real time to compensate for minor shifts.

These technologies work together to ensure smooth and professional-looking footage, even in challenging conditions.

Ultra-Remote Control Drone Technology

With the advancement of 4G and beyond, drones can now be controlled from great distances. Users can sit at a computer and send commands to the drone via a wireless network, directing it to fly to remote locations and capture high-definition video.

This technology opens up new possibilities for applications in surveillance, delivery, and exploration, making drones more versatile and accessible than ever before.