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The Hall effect is a fundamental principle used in various sensor technologies, particularly in the design of Hall sensors. According to the Hall voltage formula, for a molded Hall sensor, the product sensitivity KH remains constant. This means that the Hall voltage (UH) is directly proportional to the product of the control current (IC) and the magnetic induction intensity (B), expressed as UH ∠ICB. By measuring UH using an appropriate circuit, one of the parameters—either B or IC—can be determined if the other is known. As a result, any measurable quantity that can be converted into B or IC can be detected using a Hall element. Similarly, any parameter that can be represented as the product of B and I can also be measured with this method.
This principle forms the basis for measuring electrical parameters. For example, if the control current IC is kept constant, the magnetic induction intensity B becomes proportional to the current being measured, allowing the use of a Hall Current Sensor to determine the current value. On the other hand, if B is kept constant, the control current IC will be proportional to the measured voltage, enabling the construction of a voltage sensor. Hall voltage and current sensors are also widely used to measure AC power factor, electric power, and AC frequency.
From the equation UH = K * IC * B, it becomes clear that the nature of the output depends on the type of current applied. If the control current (IC) is DC and the current generating the magnetic field (IO) is AC, the resulting Hall voltage (UH) will be AC. Conversely, if both IC and IO are DC, the output will also be DC. When IC is AC and IO is DC, the output voltage will be AC at the same frequency as the IC, with its amplitude proportional to the DC IO. Additionally, reversing the direction of the measured current IO will invert the polarity of the output voltage UH. This makes Hall sensors versatile tools for measuring both AC and DC quantities.