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With the rapid advancement of communication technologies and the continuous improvement in living standards, traditional voice-only services are no longer sufficient to meet people's evolving needs. Especially with the explosive growth of the internet, users increasingly prefer multimedia, diversified, and personalized experiences. As a result, the demand for communication bandwidth has surged, driven by the massive increase in data traffic. While fiber-optic access is considered the future of broadband connectivity, its high engineering costs and capital investment make it difficult to implement quickly. In this context, broadband wireless access technology has emerged as a flexible and cost-effective alternative, drawing significant attention from both new and established operators. Although the growth of wireless broadband users hasn’t matched that of wired access yet, China’s internet user base has been growing rapidly, leaving ample room for expansion. Compared to wired solutions, the proportion of wireless access remains low, and there is still a long way to go before it fully meets user demands. However, the development of advanced broadband wireless technologies is steadily improving mobility and transmission capabilities. With the establishment of robust technical standards and mature operational models, the broadband wireless access industry is expected to grow rapidly, ensuring promising applications in the future.
The 802.11 series currently leads in broadband wireless access, but other technologies are also emerging, making it hard to predict which will dominate the market. What is certain is that a complete industrial chain will benefit equipment manufacturers, service providers, and end-users alike. Building such a chain is crucial for the future development of the sector.
At present, in China’s radio management informatization process, data transmission relies on hierarchical star-shaped cable networks managed at the national, provincial, and municipal levels. As more data resources and business systems move online, radio managers have become increasingly dependent on these networks. However, due to the limitations of wired infrastructure, mobile monitoring and remote workers often face challenges accessing data efficiently. Integrating broadband wireless access technology to support remote access and extend network coverage is an essential step in future information construction.
**Current Application Status of Wireless Access Technology in China**
(1) **400 MHz Band (TDD)**
To support rural communications and improve access, the 406.5–409.5 MHz band was allocated for TDD-based wireless access systems. This band supports multiple services, including radio astronomy, fixed, and mobile services, with strict protection for radio astronomy. Two carrier spacing options—250 kHz and 500 kHz—are available.
(2) **450 MHz Band (FDD Rural Wireless Access System)**
Originally used for dual-frequency network phones, this band was later adjusted to support rural wireless access. It is primarily used for walkie-talkies in urban areas and for rural access where wired connections are limited.
(3) **1800 MHz Band (SCDMA)**
This band supports TDD wireless access systems, with an expanded bandwidth from 5 MHz to 20 MHz. It is mainly used for local public and private network access, with frequency assignments typically not exceeding 5 MHz per operator.
(4) **1900 MHz Band (Public or Private Network Access)**
The 1900–1920 MHz band uses TDD mode, while 1880–1900 MHz and 1960–1980 MHz use FDD mode. The latter is part of the 3G spectrum, and the 1900 MHz band is mainly used for PHS technology.
(5) **2.4 GHz Band (802.11b/g)**
This ISM band is shared among various systems like WLANs, Bluetooth, and spread spectrum communications. Stations operating here must follow micropower regulations issued by the Ministry of Information Industry.
(6) **3.5 GHz Band (MMDS)**
Used for FDD fixed wireless access, the 3.5 GHz band includes two sub-bands: 3400–3430 MHz (transmit) and 3500–3530 MHz (receive), with a 100 MHz duplex gap.
(7) **5.8 GHz Band (802.11a)**
Allocated for point-to-point and broadband wireless access, this band requires licenses for public network use. It supports high-speed wireless LANs and other services.
(8) **26 GHz Band (LMDS)**
Used for FDD local multipoint distribution, this band offers wide bandwidth but suffers from rain attenuation and high equipment costs.
**Challenges in Broadband Wireless Access Development**
Currently, most broadband wireless access systems are fixed, which limits their ability to meet user needs. Despite progress, several key issues remain:
- **Spectrum Limitations**: Frequency resources are scarce and strictly regulated. Unlicensed bands like 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz lack interference control, while licensed bands like 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz face coverage and cost issues.
- **Standardization Gaps**: Air interface and device interface standards vary, increasing costs and limiting interoperability. IEEE 802.11 is well-standardized, but other technologies like LMDS and WiBro lack uniformity.
- **User Base Growth**: Wireless access still lags behind wired solutions in terms of user numbers, despite China’s booming internet population.
**Status of Broadband Wireless Access Technologies**
Broadband wireless access delivers high-speed data rates via wireless transmission. The IEEE categorizes it into PAN, WirelessLAN, WirelessMAN, and WAN, covering small to large areas.
- **IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)**: Supports long-range outdoor and urban NLOS deployments.
- **McWiLL (SCDMA)**: A broadband wireless solution developed by Datang Xinwei.
- **WiBro**: A Korean standard compliant with IEEE 802.16e, optimized for mobility.
- **HIPERMAN**: Based on IEEE 802.16a/e, tailored for European implementation.
- **IEEE 802.20**: Designed for high-mobility environments, supporting speeds up to 250 km/h.
- **IEEE 802.22**: Uses cognitive radio to access unused TV white spaces, ideal for resource-constrained areas.
**Future Trends**
Despite current challenges, broadband wireless access holds great promise. The IEEE 802.16 working group is moving toward unified standards, enhancing compatibility and reducing costs. Future developments will focus on supporting mobile users, expanding value-added services like location-based applications, e-commerce, and wireless gaming. As technology matures, integrating wireless access with wired networks will become a key trend, enabling broader coverage and improved network efficiency.