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The LTC4054 is a single-cell lithium battery charger IC developed by Linear Technology. This monolithic integrated circuit is designed to efficiently charge a single-cell Li-ion or Li-polymer battery with minimal external components, making it ideal for compact and portable applications such as MP3 players, PDAs, digital recorders, and other small electronic devices. The LTC4054 can deliver up to 800mA of charging current (with proper thermal management) and supports power input from a USB port, making it highly versatile.
The LTC4054 uses a constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charging algorithm to ensure safe and efficient battery charging. It includes an internal P-channel MOSFET and temperature regulation circuit, eliminating the need for an external current-sense resistor and isolation diode. This simplifies the design and reduces the overall component count. Below is a detailed overview of its key features and operational modes.
**Normal Charging Cycle**
The charging process begins when the Vcc supply exceeds the UVLO (Undervoltage Lockout) threshold and a precision resistor is connected between the PROG pin and GND. If the battery voltage at the BAT pin is below 2.9V, the LTC4054 enters trickle charge mode, delivering about 1/10 of the programmed charging current to gradually raise the battery voltage to a safe level. Once the battery voltage reaches above 2.9V, the charger transitions into constant current mode, charging the battery at the set current. As the battery approaches its full charge voltage (typically 4.2V), the LTC4054 switches to constant voltage mode, reducing the charging current until it drops to 1/10 of the initial value, at which point the charging cycle ends.
**Setting the Charging Current**
The charging current is determined by a resistor connected between the PROG pin and ground. The formula for calculating the charging current is:
Ichrg = 1000 / Rprog (in mA).
This allows for easy adjustment of the charging current based on the application's requirements. The actual battery current can be monitored by measuring the voltage across the PROG pin.
**Charging Termination**
The charging cycle terminates when the charging current drops to 1/10 of the set value. A built-in comparator detects this condition and puts the LTC4054 into standby mode, where the charging current is suspended, and the input current drops to around 200µA. If the battery voltage falls below 4.05V, the charger automatically restarts the charging cycle. To manually restart, the system must be powered down and then reactivated, or the PROG pin must be temporarily disconnected.
**Charging Status Indication**
The CHRG pin provides three different states: high current (10mA), low current (20µA), and high-impedance state. These states help the microcontroller determine the current charging status of the battery. The high current state indicates active charging, while the low current and high-impedance states indicate that the charger is either ready or in a shutdown state due to insufficient power.
**Temperature Limitation**
The LTC4054 includes a built-in temperature feedback loop that reduces the charging current if the die temperature rises to approximately 120°C. This feature ensures the IC remains within safe operating limits, even under adverse thermal conditions.
**Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)**
An internal UVLO circuit prevents the charger from operating when the input voltage is too low. It also prevents reverse current flow through the MOSFET by turning off the charger when the input voltage is lower than the battery voltage. The UVLO has a 200mV hysteresis, ensuring stable operation.
**Manual Shutdown**
At any time during the charging cycle, the LTC4054 can be turned off by disconnecting the PROG resistor, allowing the battery to consume less than 2µA and the supply current to drop below 50µA. Reconnecting the PROG resistor resumes the charging cycle.
**Automatic Recharge**
After the charging cycle ends, the LTC4054 continues to monitor the battery voltage. If it drops below 4.05V (approximately 80–90% of full capacity), the charger automatically restarts, ensuring the battery remains fully charged without requiring a full reset of the charging process.