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The LTC4054 is a single-cell lithium battery charger IC developed by Linear Technology. This monolithic integrated circuit is designed to efficiently charge a single-cell Li-ion or Li-polymer battery with minimal external components, making it ideal for compact and portable electronic devices such as MP3 players, PDAs, digital recorders, and other USB-powered peripherals.
One of the key features of the LTC4054 is its ability to provide up to 800mA of charging current (with an optimized PCB layout), while maintaining a high level of accuracy in the final charging voltage—within ±1%. The chip includes an internal P-channel MOSFET and temperature regulation circuit, which eliminates the need for an external current sense resistor or isolation diode. This simplifies the design and reduces the overall component count.
The LTC4054 supports charging from a standard USB port, making it highly versatile for a wide range of applications. It follows a standard constant-current/constant-voltage (CC/CV) charging algorithm, ensuring safe and efficient battery charging. The charging process starts when the Vcc supply exceeds the UVLO threshold, and a precision resistor is connected between the PROG pin and ground.
During the charging cycle, if the battery voltage is below 2.9V, the LTC4054 enters a trickle charge mode, where it charges the battery at about 1/10th of the programmed current. This helps bring the battery voltage up to a safe level before entering the main constant-current charging phase. Once the battery reaches close to 4.2V, the charger transitions into constant-voltage mode, gradually reducing the charging current until it drops to 1/10th of the initial value, at which point the charging cycle ends.
The charging current is set using a resistor connected between the PROG pin and ground. The formula for calculating the charging current is: Ichrg = 1000 / Rprog. The battery current can also be monitored in real-time by measuring the voltage at the PROG pin.
When the charging current drops below 1/10th of the set value, the LTC4054 terminates the charge cycle. A built-in comparator detects this condition, and the device enters a low-power standby mode, drawing only 200μA from the input. If the battery voltage falls below 4.05V, the charger automatically resumes the charging cycle.
The LTC4054 also provides a status output that indicates the charging state. It can signal three different modes: high current (10 mA), low current (20 μA), or high impedance. These states help the system determine whether the battery is being charged, ready for charging, or in an undervoltage lockout (UVLO) condition.
In addition, the chip has a built-in temperature monitoring system. If the die temperature rises above approximately 120°C, the charging current is reduced to prevent overheating. This ensures the device remains safe under various thermal conditions without requiring additional cooling mechanisms.
The UVLO (Undervoltage Lockout) feature prevents the charger from operating when the input voltage is too low. It turns off the charger until the input voltage rises above the threshold. The UVLO circuit also prevents reverse current flow through the MOSFET by ensuring the input voltage is higher than the battery voltage by at least 100mV.
The LTC4054 allows manual shutdown by disconnecting the PROG resistor, which puts the device into a low-power mode with less than 2μA drawn from the battery and 50μA from the input. Reconnecting the PROG resistor restarts the charging cycle.
Finally, the automatic refill feature ensures that the battery is recharged once its voltage drops below 4.05V, eliminating the need to manually restart the entire charging process. This makes the LTC4054 a reliable and user-friendly solution for portable electronics.